Our recent Science Robotics paper reports a first-ever hybrid bioelectronic robot (eBiobot)
In this work, we presented biohybrid electronic robots (eBiobot) powered by optogenetic skeletal muscles and controlled by wireless optoelectronics, allowing remote control of switching, steering, and other more sophisticated functions. The eBiobot inherits the structural concept motivated by a physiological muscle-tendon-bone architecture from previously demonstrated walking robots, where 3D engineered skeletal muscle tissue forms around an asymmetric hydrogel scaffold.