Due to the migration of mobile molecules and ions, a thin diffusive layer of distributed charge - the electric double layer - forms at the interface between a polyelectrolyte gel and a liquid ionic solution.  When two polyelectrolyte gels are brought closely together, the electric double layers overlap and interact with each other, resulting in an effective repulsion.  The multiphysics coupling nature of soft gels makes their surface interactions significantly different from the interactions between rigid solids.

Fascinating paper. Congrats to Wei, Xuanhe, and Zhigang. Nice to see a simple and an elegant model together with an intuitively appealing physical interpretation of the bifurcation phenomenon in gels. It woud be interesting to see the time evolution of the drying process and the orientation (theta) of the nano wires.